USS Saratoga (CV-3) in World War II

USS Saratoga (CV-3) was an American aircraft carrier that saw extensive service during World War II (1939-1945). Originally conceived as a battlecruiser, Saratoga was selected for conversion to an aircraft carrier following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty. Entering service in 1927, it was the US Navys first large carrier. With the beginning of World War II, Saratoga took part in many of the campaigns in the Pacific and sustained major damage on several occasions. With the end of the conflict, it was selected for disposal and was sunk during the Operation Crossroads atomic testing at Bikini Atoll. Background Originally conceived as part of a large building program in 1916, USS Saratoga was intended to be a Lexington-class battlecruiser mounting eight 16 guns and sixteen 6 guns. Authorized along with the South Dakota-class battleships as part of the Naval Act of 1916, the US Navy called for the six ships of the Lexington-class to be capable of 33.25 knots, a speed which had previously only been attainable by destroyers and other smaller craft. With the American entry into World War I in April 1917, construction of the new battlecruisers was repeatedly postponed as shipyards were called upon to produce destroyers and submarine chasers to combat the German U-boat threat and escort convoys. During this time, the final design of the Lexington-class continued to evolve and engineers worked to design a power plant capable of achieving the desired speed.  Ã‚   Design With the end of the war and a final design approved, construction moved forward on the new battlecruisers.  Work on Saratoga commenced on September 25, 1920 when the new ship was laid down at New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, NJ. The ships name derived from the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolution which played a key role in securing the alliance with France. Construction was halted in early 1922 following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited naval armaments. Though the ship could not be completed as a battlecruiser, the treaty did allow for two capital ships, then under construction, to be converted into aircraft carriers. As a result, the US Navy elected to complete Saratoga and USS Lexington (CV-2) in this fashion. Work on Saratoga soon resumed and the hull was launched on April 7, 1925 with Olive D. Wilbur, wife of Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur, serving as sponsor. USS Saratoga (CV-3) shortly after its lauch in 1925. US Naval History and Heritage Command Construction As converted battlecruisers, the two ships possessed superior anti-torpedo protection than future purpose-built carriers, but were slower and had narrower flight decks. Capable of carrying over ninety aircraft, they also possessed eight 8 guns mounted in four twin turrets for anti-ship defense. This was the largest size gun permitted by the treaty. The flight deck featured two hydraulically powered elevators as well as a 155 F Mk II catapult. Intended for launching seaplanes, the catapult was seldom used during active operations. Re-designated CV-3, Saratoga was commissioned on November 16, 1927, with Captain Harry E. Yarnell in command, and became the US Navys second carrier after USS Langley (CV-1). Its sister, Lexington, joined the fleet a month later. Departing Philadelphia on January 8, 1928, future admiral Marc Mitscher landed the first aircraft on board three days later. USS Saratoga (CV-3) OverviewNation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, NJLaid Down: September 25, 1920Launched: April 7, 1925Commissioned: November 16, 1927Fate: Sunk as part of Operation Crossroads, July 25, 1946SpecificationsDisplacement: 38,746 tonsLength: 880 ft.Beam: 106 ft.Draft: 24 ft., 3Propulsion: 16 Ãâ€" boilers, geared turbines and electric drive, 4 Ãâ€" screwsSpeed: 34.99 knotsRange: 10,000 nautical miles at 10 knotsComplement: 2,122 menArmament (as built)4 Ãâ€" twin 8-in. guns, 12 Ãâ€" single 5-in. gunsAircraft (as built)91 aircraft Interwar Years Ordered to the Pacific, Saratoga transported of force of Marines to Nicaragua before transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at San Pedro, CA on February 21. For the remainder of the year, the carrier remained in the area testing systems and machinery. In January 1929, Saratoga took part in Fleet Problem IX during which it mounted a simulated attack on the Panama Canal. USS Saratoga (CV-3) underway in January 1928. US Naval History and Heritage Command Largely serving in the Pacific, Saratoga spent much of the 1930s taking part in exercises and developing strategies and tactics for naval aviation. These saw Saratoga and Lexington repeatedly show the increasing importance of aviation in naval warfare. One exercise in 1938 saw the carriers air group mount a successful attack on Pearl Harbor from the north. The Japanese would use a similar approach during their attack on the base three years later at the start of World War II. World War II Begins Entering Bremerton Navy Yard on October 14, 1940, Saratoga had its anti-aircraft defenses enhanced as well as received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Returning to San Diego from a brief refit when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the carrier was ordered to carry US Marine Corps fighters to Wake Island. With the Battle of Wake Island raging, Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor on December 15, but was unable to reach Wake Island before the garrison was overrun. Returning to Hawaii, it remained in the area until being hit by a torpedo fired by I-6 on January 11, 1942. Sustaining boiler damage, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor where temporary repairs were made and its 8 guns removed. Leaving Hawaii, Saratoga sailed for Bremerton where further repairs took place and modern batteries of 5 anti-aircraft guns installed. Emerging from the yard on May 22, Saratoga steamed south to San Diego to begin training its air group. Shortly after arriving, it was ordered to Pearl Harbor to take part in the Battle of Midway. Unable to sail until June 1, it did not arrive in the battle area until June 9. Once there, it embarked Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, whose flagship, USS Yorktown (CV-5) had been lost in the fighting. After briefly operating with USS Hornet (CV-8) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) the carrier returned to Hawaii and began ferrying aircraft to the garrison on Midway. On July 7, Saratoga received orders to move to the Southwest Pacific to aid in Allied operations in the Solomon Islands. Arriving late in the month, it began conducting airs strikes in preparation for the invasion of Guadalcanal. On August 7, Saratogas aircraft provided air cover as the 1st Marine Division opened the Battle of Guadalcanal. In the Solomons Though the campaign had just begun, Saratoga and the other carriers were withdrawn on August 8 to refuel and replenish aircraft losses. On August 24, Saratoga and Enterprise returned to the fray and engaged the Japanese at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the fighting, Allied aircraft sank the light carrier Ryujo and damaged the seaplane tender Chitose, while Enterprise was hit by three bombs. Protected by cloud cover, Saratoga escaped the battle unscathed. This luck did not hold and a week after the battle the carrier was struck by a torpedo fired by I-26 which caused a variety of electrical issues. After making temporary repairs at Tonga, Saratoga sailed to Pearl Harbor to be dry docked. It did not return to the Southwest Pacific until arriving at Noumà ©a in early December. Through 1943, Saratoga operated around the Solomons supporting Allied operations against Bougainville and Buka. During this time, it operated for periods with HMS Victorious and the light carrier USS Princeton (CVL-23). On November 5, Saratogas aircraft conducted strikes against the Japanese base at Rabaul, New Britain. Inflicting heavy damage, they returned six days later to attack again. Sailing with Princeton, Saratoga took part in the Gilbert Islands offensive in November. Striking Nauru, they escorted troop ships to Tarawa and provided air cover over the island. In need of an overhaul, Saratoga was withdrawn on November 30 and directed to proceed to San Francisco. Arriving in early December, the carrier spent a month in the yard which saw additional anti-aircraft guns added. To the Indian Ocean Arriving at Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1944, Saratoga joined with Princeton and USS Langley (CVL-27) for attacks in the Marshall Islands. After attacking Wotje and Taroa at the end of the month, the carriers began raids against Eniwetok in February. Remaining in the area, they supported the Marines during the Battle of Eniwetok later the month. On March 4, Saratoga departed the Pacific with orders to join the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean. Sailing around Australia, the carrier reached Ceylon on March 31. Joining with the carrier HMS Illustrious and four battleships, Saratoga took part in successful raids against Sebang and Surabaya in April and May. Ordered back to Bremerton for an overhaul, Saratoga entered port on June 10. USS Saratoga (CV-3) in Puget Sound after a refit, September 1944. US Naval History and Heritage Command With work complete, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor in September and began operations with USS Ranger (CV-4) to train night fighting squadrons for the US Navy. The carrier remained in the area conducting training exercises until January 1945 when it was ordered to join USS Enterprise in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima. After training exercises in the Marianas, the two carriers joined in mounting diversionary attacks against the Japanese home islands. Refueling on February 18, Saratoga was detached with three destroyers the next day and directed to launch night patrols over Iwo Jima and nuisance attacks against Chi-chi Jima. Around 5:00 PM on February 21, a Japanese air attack struck the carrier. Hit by six bombs, Saratogas forward flight deck was badly damaged. By 8:15 PM the fires were under control and the carrier was sent to Bremerton for repairs. Final Missions These took until May 22 to complete and it was not until June that Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor to commence training its air group. It remained in Hawaiian waters until the wars end in September. One of only three prewar carriers (along with Enterprise and Ranger) to survive the conflict, Saratoga was ordered to take part in Operation Magic Carpet. This saw the carrier carry 29,204 American serviceman home from the Pacific. Already obsolete due to the arrival of numerous Essex-class carriers during the war, Saratoga was deemed surplus to requirements after the peace. As a result, Saratoga was assigned to Operation Crossroads in 1946. This operation called for the testing of atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. On July 1, the carrier survived Test Able which saw a bomb air burst over the assembled ships. Having sustained only minor damage, the carrier was sunk following the underwater detonation of Test Baker on July 25. In recent years, the wreck of Saratoga has become a popular scuba diving destination.

How Many Plays Did Shakespeare Write

The question of how many plays William Shakespeare wrote is one of some dispute among scholars. There are of course the various factions that believe he did not write any of the works attributed to him. And there’s the question of whether he co-wrote a play titled Double Falsehood, which was previously attributed to Lewis Theobald. The majority of Shakespearean scholars agree that he wrote 38 plays: 12 histories, 14 comedies, and 12 tragedies. But several theories persist that question that total. Shakespeare and Double Falsehood After many years of research, Arden Shakespeare published â€Å"Double Falsehood† under the name William Shakespeare in 2010. Theobald long claimed his work was based on a lost Shakespeare work, whose title was believed to be â€Å"Cardenio,† which was itself based on a section of Miguel de Cervantes â€Å"Don Quixote.† It’s still not fully incorporated into the canon, but may be over time. â€Å"Double Falsehood† is still debated by scholars; many of whom believe it bears more of the hallmarks of its co-author, John Fletcher, than of William Shakespeare.  Its hard to say when, or if, it will be universally recognized among Shakespeares other plays.   Christopher Marlowe and Other Would-Be Shakespeares Then, there are the numerous theories which rest on the assumption that Shakespeare, for whatever reason, could not or did not write all (or any) of the plays that bear his name. Some Shakespeare conspiracy theorists believe he was not well-educated enough to have written so eloquently and so prolifically. Other theories suggest that the name William Shakespeare was a pseudonym for an author or authors who wished to remain anonymous for some reason. The leading contender for the role of the â€Å"real† Shakespeare is playwright and poet Christopher Marlowe, a contemporary of the Bard. The two men were not exactly friends but did know each other. The Marlovians, as this faction is known, believe Marlowe’s death in 1593 was faked, and that he wrote or co-wrote all of Shakespeare’s plays. They point to similarities in the two authors’ writing styles (which can also be explained as Marlowe’s influence on Shakespeare). In 2016, the Oxford University Press even went so far as to credit Marlowe as a co-author of its publications of Shakespeare’s Henry VI plays (Parts I, II and III). Edward de Vere and the Rest The other leading candidates for the â€Å"real† Shakespeare are Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, a patron of the arts and noted playwright (none of his plays survive, apparently); Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, and father of empiricism and the scientific method; and William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, who signed his works â€Å"WS† just like Shakespeare did. There’s even a theory that some of all of these men collaborated to write the plays attributed to Shakespeare, as one elaborate group effort. It’s worth noting, however, that any â€Å"evidence† that anyone other than William Shakespeare wrote his 38 (or 39) plays is entirely circumstantial. It’s fun to speculate, but most of these theories are considered little more than fringe conspiracy ideas by the most knowledgeable historians and scholars. The full list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in the order in which they were first performed. How Many Plays Did Shakespeare Write The question of how many plays William Shakespeare wrote is one of some dispute among scholars. There are of course the various factions that believe he did not write any of the works attributed to him. And there’s the question of whether he co-wrote a play titled Double Falsehood, which was previously attributed to Lewis Theobald. The majority of Shakespearean scholars agree that he wrote 38 plays: 12 histories, 14 comedies, and 12 tragedies. But several theories persist that question that total. Shakespeare and Double Falsehood After many years of research, Arden Shakespeare published â€Å"Double Falsehood† under the name William Shakespeare in 2010. Theobald long claimed his work was based on a lost Shakespeare work, whose title was believed to be â€Å"Cardenio,† which was itself based on a section of Miguel de Cervantes â€Å"Don Quixote.† It’s still not fully incorporated into the canon, but may be over time. â€Å"Double Falsehood† is still debated by scholars; many of whom believe it bears more of the hallmarks of its co-author, John Fletcher, than of William Shakespeare.  Its hard to say when, or if, it will be universally recognized among Shakespeares other plays.   Christopher Marlowe and Other Would-Be Shakespeares Then, there are the numerous theories which rest on the assumption that Shakespeare, for whatever reason, could not or did not write all (or any) of the plays that bear his name. Some Shakespeare conspiracy theorists believe he was not well-educated enough to have written so eloquently and so prolifically. Other theories suggest that the name William Shakespeare was a pseudonym for an author or authors who wished to remain anonymous for some reason. The leading contender for the role of the â€Å"real† Shakespeare is playwright and poet Christopher Marlowe, a contemporary of the Bard. The two men were not exactly friends but did know each other. The Marlovians, as this faction is known, believe Marlowe’s death in 1593 was faked, and that he wrote or co-wrote all of Shakespeare’s plays. They point to similarities in the two authors’ writing styles (which can also be explained as Marlowe’s influence on Shakespeare). In 2016, the Oxford University Press even went so far as to credit Marlowe as a co-author of its publications of Shakespeare’s Henry VI plays (Parts I, II and III). Edward de Vere and the Rest The other leading candidates for the â€Å"real† Shakespeare are Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, a patron of the arts and noted playwright (none of his plays survive, apparently); Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, and father of empiricism and the scientific method; and William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, who signed his works â€Å"WS† just like Shakespeare did. There’s even a theory that some of all of these men collaborated to write the plays attributed to Shakespeare, as one elaborate group effort. It’s worth noting, however, that any â€Å"evidence† that anyone other than William Shakespeare wrote his 38 (or 39) plays is entirely circumstantial. It’s fun to speculate, but most of these theories are considered little more than fringe conspiracy ideas by the most knowledgeable historians and scholars. The full list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in the order in which they were first performed.

Female Discrimination And Domestic Violence - 869 Words

Argument ABC News’ main argument throughout the reports was strongly about female discrimination in workplace and the cause of the issue. Inequality issues such as pay gap significantly affect female graduates. A report showed that some industries suffer a larger gender pay gap than others. The pay inequality was then argued to stem from a lack of women in Parliament. The lack of women representatives was witnessed to have a direct impact on workplace discrimination and domestic violence. Due to an image that women are â€Å"lesser† in the workforce, women have been portrayed as weak and reliant on men. Furthermore, a survey showed that men and employees without children are preferred by employers. So, as the gender pay gap increases, the likelihood of gender equality would increase; thus ABC News hinted for Government to take action to mediate the issue. As of 2013, female graduates earn $5,000 less than male graduates, an increase of $3,000 from the previous year. GradStats report, in 2012 showed that men’s starting salaries increased to $55,000 while women’s salaries remained at $50,000. The pay gap differs between professions. The highest gap was recorded in architecture and building, with men receiving $52,000 compared to $43,000. Dentistry was the second highest with women expected to earn at least $14,000 less than men in the first year. The pay gap is evident throughout all occupations except three that men and women earn the same- education, humanities and medicine.Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gender Discrimination1412 Words   |  6 PagesTo look into the issue of gender discrimination in both Australia and China. 1.2 Parameters To investigate the problem of gender inequality involving workplace discrimination and domestic violence in Australia and China. 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Sexism A Negative Impact On Sexual Health - 1879 Words

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Adolescent boys and girls are conditioned to accept unhealthy ideologies about sexuality (Golanty Edlin, 2012, p. 152). This is a developmental stage during which teens are quite impressionable when it comes to messages the media sends out to them regarding sexuality, especially in the U.S. (Golanty Edlin, 2012, p. 152). These messages are not exactly truthful and supportive of one’s well-being. The adolescent stage also involves a lot of sensation-seeking through sexual exploration (Golanty Edlin, 2012, p. 152). Sexual health is an important aspect ofShow MoreRelatedThe Positive and Negative Aspects of Video Games in Society968 Words   |  4 Pagesplayed a video game before. The American myth is that Americans mostly view video games as a way to pass time, but they never see pass it to notice the influence and impacts it have in society. Americans believe this myth because our culture focuses more on what the public media broadcasts. 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Worst Debater Alain De Botton - 1123 Words

Worst Debater: Alain de Botton Alain de Botton is a well-respected English author and philosopher. As of today, he has written several best sellers such as Essays in Love and Status Anxiety. During the debate, Botton argued against the resolution â€Å"Be it resolved humankind’s best days lie ahead†. Although each debater brought valid arguments and unique perspectives to the resolution, out of the four, I believed that Botton’s debate was the weakest of all for a number of reasons. Botton starts off his debate by summarizing what he called the â€Å"4 main themes where optimists think they will make the largest gains† and proceeds to dispute them. His debate, although eloquent, and well organized, lacked strong evidence and support. Instead, it was more of a collection of questionable pieces of evidence, inapt analogies, and fallacies which ultimately led to its fauilure. One of the biggest reasons why Botton’s debate was so weak as compared to the other debaters’ is because of the perspective that he took. Botton based his arguments on a liberal arts perspective which consisted of mainly philosophical standpoints. In a nutshell, his main argument was that are genetically flawed creatures and because of these flaws we will never reach perfection and thus humanity’s best days cannot lie ahead. He believes in the â€Å"philosophy of pessimistic realism† and the â€Å"philosophy of wisdom†. Having a liberal arts perspective on the debate only weakened his stand against his opponent who took

Review of Archival Auditing Research †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Review of Archival Auditing Research. Answer: Introduction: If under the audit procedure any expertise in the field other than auditing or accounting is required for obtaining sufficient and appropriate evidence of audit, the auditor shall determine whether to use the service of an expert or not. However, the auditor must evaluate whether the expert ahs the required competence, objectivity and capabilities for the purpose of audit. In case of the external expert, the objectivity evaluation shall involve the inquiry with regard to the interests and the relationship that may generate the threat to the objectivity of the expert (Kanatov, Atymtayeva and Yagaliyeva 2014). Further, the auditor must obtain the sufficient understanding of field of the expertise for the expert of the auditor for enabling the auditor to evaluate adequacy of the work for the purpose of the audit and to determine the scope, nature and objective of the experts work for the purpose of audit. Looking into the case study of DIPL, it has been identified that regarding the inventory and purchase the obsolescence of the inventory is existed from the last year for covering the projected decline with regard to the value from the impact of the storage hazards. Therefore, to estimate the value of the obsolescence, the auditor shall obtain the services of the expert for measuring the valuation of the inventory obsolescence. Further, the depreciation on the fixed asset of DIPL is calculated on the straight line method (Tanyi and Smith 2014). Therefore, to measure the depreciation and impairment, the service of an expert is required in case of DIPL. By evaluating the case and circumstances of DIPL, the need for employment of service of a proficient assessor is essential for the following mentioned issues: Issues encountered by the firm DIPL Expert necessity whilst undertaking auditing Inventory obsolescence As rightly indicated by Kanatov et al., (2014), the existence of allowance for particularly inventory obsolescence mainly for the purpose of enveloping an approximated decrease in value is owing to storage vulnerability. Additionally, evaluation of the case study on the operations of the firm DIPL replicate that there exists an incidence of allowance for obsolescence of particularly inventory. As such, this is primarily due to storage exposure exerts impact and this in turn led to expected reduction in value that is covered. Analysis of case also reveals that disbursements for inventory are carried out at pertinent currency of nation. Again, board illustrated that allowance for obsolescence of inventory has the need to be written back. As a result, the firm DIPL has the need for expert service for the purpose of estimating obsolescence value. Depreciation of fixed assets The process of utilizing straight line method was mostly for the allotment of cost over approximate economic lives of specific assets (Rkaur, Rani and Garg 2016). As such in this context, for the purpose of enumeration of assets impairment together with depreciation, expert service can be used by the corporation DIPL whilst undertaking auditing. For avoiding issues related to proper monitoring of the work Expertise other than auditor or accountant includes the expertise with regard to the matter related to Estimation of the gas and oil reserves services Valuation of the environmental liabilities and the clean-up costs of the sites. Analysis of unusual tax or complex compliance issues Valuation of the complicated financial instruments, plant and machinery, antiques, works of art, acquired assets and the liabilities under the combination of business, impaired assets and intangible assets Actuarial calculation of the liabilities that are associated with the insurance contracts or the benefit plans of the employees Identification of five factors that can influence the preliminary figures for overall materiality Materiality refers to certain facets, either individually or else in aggregate can be considered to be significant are important for particularly fair presentation of financial assertions in compliance with relevant standards. Analysis of the case study on the operations of DIPL can help in identification of five different factors that can affect the preliminary figures for overall materiality. The misstatements whose impact singly or on the whole are significant enough to affect fair presentation in material respects (William Jr et al. 2016). Again, the misstatements can essentially result from errors or else fraud. In this case, errors indicate towards unintentional misstatements else wise omissions of certain amounts and disclosures in financial assertions. The recognition of five factors and their impact on ascertainment of initial figures on the materiality of process of audit of the corporation DIPL are hereby tabulated below: Factors Reasons behind relevance of the identified factors Description of the way the identified factors can influence the preliminary figures for overall materiality in the entire audit planning procedure Fraud Risk affecting materiality Fraud risk can be considered to be an important factor that can adversely affect the materiality. As per the given study, it can be hereby mentioned that there exists extreme pressure from particularly the board of the firm DIPL, due to which the entire IT division of the firm somehow managed to install a novel system of accounting. Essentially, this process also exposed the company DIPL to risks of fraud as well as materiality (Hayes et al. 2014). Glover et al. (2016) asserts that mistakes occur in the process of gathering else wise processing data from which financial assertions are prepared. Unreasonable accounting approximations also arise from oversight and misinterpretation of diverse facts. Again, fraud can be considered to be a wide concept associated to fraudulent actions that again cause misstatements of financial assertions. The assessors comprehension regarding the internal control of a firm might heighten else wise mitigate the concern regarding the risk of material misstatement. The fraudulent actions owing to huge pressure on employees and process of implementation of new system of accounting have ability to affect the overall financial information (Glover et al. 2016). Thus, the same is said to affect the financial statements and assertions and thereby is said to be relevant from the standpoint of materiality. The manager in the IT department was also not contented with the process of installation of firms machines. In addition to this, huge pressure was also put on members of the staff of the corporation for reconciling and examining the new system appropriately. However, the outcomes of the test reflected the fact that few business transactions that were undertaken during the ending of the end were not suitably allocated during the period (William Jr et al. 2016). Accounting policies affecting materiality In addition to this, the valuation process of diverse raw materials founded on average cost mechanism was necessarily not appropriate. Based on the analysis of the case study, it can be hereby mentioned that inventory valuation process of the raw material particularly at the average cots was not suitable since the present cost of paper considerably enhanced from the currently applied method of average cost (DeFond and Zhang 2014). The accounting procedures that are utilized by the management of DIPL for valuation of raw materials is said to be a relevant factor affecting the materiality. This is because the accounting procedure helps in evaluation of raw materials and thereby helps users to understand the proper state of financial items (Knechel and Salterio 2016). The management of DIPL essentially lack the overall necessity under both integrity as well as objectivity. This in turn can have an effect on the company status in the long term. Also, mistakes also occur in the process of application of specific accounting principles related to amount, classification, way of presentation and disclosures. Additionally, misrepresentation of financial assertions also poses inherent risk as this misrepresent the financial information to specific users of the financial assertions such as the stakeholders, creditors, potential financiers as well as debtors (Acito et al. 2015). Inventory valuation process of the raw material particularly at the average cots was not suitable. The inappropriate suppositions else wise methods of valuation influence the substantive procedures of accounting methods (Hayes et al. 2014). This might affect the evidence of the auditor along with the audit strategy decisions. Environmental factors affecting materiality: Again, there was several business transactions that were not considered at the time of preparation of the financial statements wither purposely or else by fault by the management of the firm DIPL. This necessarily led to inconsistencies in the process of efficient planning with regard to process of marketing and sales action. The company also failed to attain target profit level in comparison to the sales. It is mainly owing to failure on the part of the administration of DIPL as regards recognition of particular items and subsequent of consequent necessities (Arens et al. 2016). Based on the analysis of the case study, it can also be hereby mentioned that the firm failed to analyse different micro as well as macro objectives that essentially should have been taken into account under socio-political and economic factors. Inability to incorporate the environmental factors by the management can be considered to be a pertinent factor affecting materiality. This is so because it negates the effect of the same on the financial results and therefore the audit opinion. Inability of the management to take into account different micro as well as macro factors and omission of certain financial transactions also lead to misrepresentation in the financial statements. The users of the information fail to acquire a fair presentation of assertions that in turn can affect the process of planning and undertaking the audit, analysing the impact of detected misstatements (Arens et al. 2016). Materiality affected by the complications of the process of appointment of CEO The appointment of the CEO in the business concern DIPL can be considered to be very difficult and intricate (Knechel and Salterio 2016). In general, the process of appointment of the CEO, procedure of transition for the prior CEO named Ms Rebecca Styles and commencement actions undertaken by Mr. William Jackson involved various risks since the specified procedure were not in conformation with the requisite stratagems. Essentially, the procedures were started late and the improper engagement by the CEO in the processes and leaving of the members of the staff might also expose the corporation to various risks. Thus, this in turn can affect the overall materiality of audit process of the firm DIPL. The intricacy of the process of appointment of the CEO in the business concern DIPL also affects the overall transparency and obscures the vision of then decision makers. This too thereby can be regarded to be a relevant factor affecting materiality. The appointment of the CEO in DIPL can be regarded to be very intricate. There needs to be an official, thorough and transparentprocedurefor theappointment. Factors related to new system of registering accounts Yet another factor that can affect the overall materiality is the process of maintenance of records of cash receipts by the firms cashiers. In general, majority of the disbursements carried out by DIPL are accepted by means of the electronic payment system. The process of registering and maintaining the copy of receipt after downloading the same from the mail and carrying out reconciliation of the total batch can be prepared by the assistant accountant (Louwers et al. 2015). The reconciliation pronouncement prepared by the accountant need to be prepared more regularly and need not be done at the closing of the month. Moreover, the revenue generated by DIPL by means of marketing of e-book, reprinting of text books might adversely affect materiality. The substantial facets affecting materiality is essentially the procedure of accounting that can be utilized by the corporation DIPL for approximating as well as recording accounting items namely raw materials. Analytical evaluation of raw materials gets support from processes of accounting and this subsequently aids in understanding appropriate use. Disbursements carried through electronic payment system affects the process of maintaining receipt details and presenting reconciliation statement. The inability of business concern to register the cash receipts and reconciling the same can lead to failure of the management to understand importance of a specific amount, business transaction and variances. This in turn can affect the process of presentation of financial statements (DeFond and Zhang 2014). Thus, the auditor might hereby fail to express a specific opinion as regards financial statements specifically in all material aspects. References Acito, A., Hogan, C. and Imdieke, A., 2015.Integrated Auditing Standards and Financial Reporting Quality. Working paper, Michigan State University. Arens, A., Elder, R. and Beasley, M., 2014. Auditing and assurance services-An integrated approach; includes coverage of international standards and global auditing issues, in addition to coverage of.Boston: Aufl. Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Hogan, C.E., 2016.Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Glover, S.M., Prawitt, D.F. and Messier, W.F., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach 10th. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Hellman, N., 2016. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,27, pp.13-25. Kanatov, M., Atymtayeva, L. and Yagaliyeva, B., 2014, December. Expert systems for information security management and audit. Implementation phase issues. InSoft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS), 2014 Joint 7th International Conference on and Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS), 15th International Symposium on(pp. 896-900). IEEE. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis.

Role of parenting Essay Example For Students

Role of parenting Essay Role of Parental Motivational Practices in Childrens Academic Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement (Gottfried) Article Summary I chose to write my journal article research paper on the role of parents in childrens academic motivation and achievement. The article relates the parents role and at home practices, and the effect of these practices on the childs performance and motivation. In the longitudinal study of children ages 9 and 10, two types of motivational practices were assessed: Parental motivational practices that encourage pleasure in the learning process, curiosity, persistence, and task endogeny are positively related to childrens academic intrinsic motivation and achievement. (Gottfried 105) Task-extrinsic parental motivational practices that emphasize external control, diminished autonomy, or devaluation of competence are negatively related to childrens academic intrinsic motivation and achievement. (Gottfried 105) The data observed and given in the article from mothers also provided information on which motivational practices are used, such as provision of rewards, help with schoolwork, encouragement, punishment and negativity for unsatisfactory achievement. It is important to note that although the conceptual model was derived from theory and research pertaining to parents in general, the data collected in the article were solely on mothers. The findings of the research were that the predicted variables were proven positive, and there was a high correlation between parental motivational practices and a childs academic intrinsic motivation and achievement. The studys findings also proved that mothers provisions of task-extrinsic consequences had a negative effect on childrens academic intrinsic motivation, and were directly related. The study findings also showed that there were indirect effects on subsequent motivation and achievement through their effects on earlier academic intrinsic motivation. Remarks After reading the aforementioned journal article, I can only remark upon the fact that to me, this study seemed to only validate the obvious. I am in agreement with the findings to a point. I do believe that if you make children interested and motivated in what they are doing then they will have a higher achievement rate then children who are bored with school. I believe that most parents have the knowledge of what they should and should not do to help in their childs academic performance but fail to achieve this task for many reasons. I do take into consideration, however; that although it may be detrimental to a students intrinsic motivation, in some cases to give rewards or encouragement, in other cases it is the only way some parents feel that they can achieve any form of motivation toward academic excellence in their child. After reading the article I understand that extrinsic motivation has a correlation to the lowering of intrinsic motivation in the child. I agree with the positive methods of a parents motivational practices but take into consideration the day and age of our time, in the explanation of why these practices are not followed. In our fast-paced society, most parents struggle to stay afloat and the de-structuralization of our families has had a dramatic effect upon parent and child relationships. In addition, the average child has to struggle with added emotional problems such as, single-parenting, peer pressure, and abuse or violence. Typical parents have substituted their childs intrinsic motivation, interest, and natural curiosity in exchange for higher academic grades. Most parents today cannot find the time to sit down and eat with their children let alone spend the time to teach, and guide them with simple elementary academics. The patience needed to help struggling children with their academics, seem to have become non-existent in most parents and this is why I believe that most parents would rather give out simple, minute rewards then spend the time needed to instill intrinsic motivation. .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .postImageUrl , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:hover , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:visited , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:active { border:0!important; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:active , .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u238f2946f66ca674471a06e492f9b7be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem Witch Trials of 1692 and the McCarthy Hearin EssayCorrelation of the journal article to the textbook The correlation that I saw between the textbook and this journal article had to do with chapter 11 on Motivation. As the article touches upon the role of parental practices in motivating children, the book similarly talks about the teachers role in motivating the student and talks in a greater depth of how to motivate the student and the pros and cons of extrinsic motivation. The textbook also goes further on to talk about what exactly intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are, and gives examples of some students motivational influences, and/or lack .